Nanocomposites up Li-ion battery capacity 5x

Nanocomposites target to scale up the capacity of Li-ion batteries 5x by hanging nanometer-sized silicon particles on trees of carbon black that self-assemble into porous micron-sized spheres, which increase an electrode's surface area with interconnected internal channels.

High-performance Li-ion batteries today use anodes made from carbon (graphite). Silicon has been proposed as a substitute for graphite since it offers a theoretical improvement of 10x in capacity over graphite, but so far prototypes have proven too unstable for creating lithium batteries with a long lifetime, according to professor Gleb Yushin at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

The problem, according to Yushin, is that silicon particles crack when they are formed at the same granularity of graphite particles—about 15- to 20?m. The new nanocomposite material solves that problem by hanging 30nm-sized silicon particles on trees of carbon black which then self-assemble into porous spheres about 10- to 30?m in diameter. The resulting electrode remains stable due to the durable carbon-superstructure that prevents cracking, but benefits from the increased surface area afforded by the smaller silicon nanoparticles.

Common chemical vapor deposition processes allow the new hybrid silicon-carbon electrodes to be mass produced economically, according to Yushin. He also claims that because the tiny silicon nanoparticles are permanently attached to the micron-sized carbon black trees, they avoid the health hazards of processes that require handling of nanoscale particles.

So far Georgia Tech has fabricated experimental anode electrodes, which it is testing for use in standard manufacturing processes for lithium batteries. Their prototype has survived over one hundred recharge cycles without any degradation, leading the researchers to predict they will last for thousands of recharges.

Besides Yushin, other Georgia Tech researchers involved in the project include Alexandre Magasinki, Patrick Dixon, Benjamin Hertzberg and Alexander Alexeev, along with Alexander Kvit from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Igor Luzinov from Clemson University, and Jorge Ayala from Superior Graphite.

Funding was provided by a Small Business Innovation Research grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to Superior Graphite and Streamline Nanotechnologies Inc.

- R. Colin Johnson
EE Times